Core Concepts
Realism
IR theory that states are rational actors in an anarchic international system, primarily seeking power and security.
Liberalism
Theory emphasizing cooperation, international institutions, and mutual benefits through trade and diplomacy.
Constructivism
Theory that international relations are shaped by shared ideas, norms, and identities rather than just material factors.
Balance of Power
The distribution of military and economic power among states that prevents any single state from dominating.
Soft Power
The ability to influence others through culture, values, and policies rather than coercion or payment.
Collective Security
An arrangement where states agree that an attack on one is an attack on all, leading to joint response.
Worked Examples & Applications
Balance of Power — Cold War: US vs USSR bipolar system. NATO (1949) and Warsaw Pact (1955) were military alliances maintaining balance. MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) prevented direct conflict.
Constructivism Example: The norm against using chemical weapons: Even states with chemical weapons don't use them because of the strong international norm against it. Ideas shape behavior beyond material interests.
Practice Questions
Q: What are the main differences between realism and liberalism? A: Realism sees states as self-interested actors in an anarchic system; liberalism sees cooperation as possible through institutions, trade, and democracy.
Q: Define soft power with an example. A: Soft power is influencing others through attraction rather than coercion. Example: American culture (Hollywood, music, technology) shaping global preferences and values.